Spatiotemporal activity of magnetic storms

Abstract

We have constructed a data‐derived model of the evolution of the spatial structure of the ring current geomagnetic signature during storms. A spatially dependent generalization of the Dessler‐Parker‐Skopke relation has been derived to explain the spatial structure in the midlatitude magnetic fluctuations (MLMF) as observed by ground magnetometers. Such a relation is used as a basis for constructing solar‐wind‐driven, data‐derived models of the MLMF. The model includes a coupling to the solar wind as the energy driver and also includes a nonlocal coupling as an explanation of the inhomogeneity in the energy density that appears in the ring current during the main phase of a storm. Both linear and nonlinear models for the evolution of the spatial structure of the MLMF are constructed, and the nonlinear spatial model of the ring current produces better predictions than the linear one. This can be taken as an indication that during strong magnetic storms the ring current evolves in a nonlinear fashion. The spatial data used in the generation of the models are rotated to a frame “fixed” with the ring current, and presure effects were accounted through a kinematic relation. The techniques developed in this paper are very general and can be used to study other systems that show spatial structure, such as the high‐latitude current system.