DNA intrastrand cross-link at the 5′-GA-3′ sequence formed by busulfan and its role in the cytotoxic effect

Abstract

Busulfan (1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate) has been used widely for the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Busulfan is bifunctional and thus may effectively induce DNA damage, which may play an important role in the cytotoxicity. In this study, we compared the cytotoxicity of bifunctional busulfan with that of monofunctional ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Busulfan showed a significant inhibitory effect on cell growth, whereas the cells grew in the presence of EMS. To clarify the mechanism of cytotoxicity of busulfan, we investigated DNA damage induced by busulfan using 32P-5′-end-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human p16 tumor suppressor gene. Busulfan induced DNA damage dose-dependently, whereas EMS caused little DNA damage. DNA-sequencing experiments using piperidine and 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase indicated that busulfan caused double-base lesions mainly at 5′ -GA-3′ and, to a lesser extent, at 5′-GG-3′ sequences. Time of flight mass spectrometry confirmed that busulfan forms an intrastrand cross-link at the 5′-GA-3′ sequence, in addition to mono-alkylation. The mechanism and the role of cross-linking at the 5′-GA-3′ sequence are discussed in relation to the cytotoxicity induced by busulfan.