Health Care Technology, the Human–Machine Interface, and Patient Safety During Intravenous Anesthesia

Abstract

Includes index. Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Introduction/Background; Chapter 1: When and How Did It All Begin? A Brief History of Intravenous Anesthesia; Barbiturates; Benzodiazepines; Propanidid; Etomidate; Steroids; Phencyclidines; Propofol; The Concept of `Balanced Anesthesia;́ Intravenous anesthesia for practice outside the operating theater.; References; Chapter 2: The Development and Regulation of Commercial Devices for Target-Controlled Drug Infusion; Introduction; The Development of Infusion Devices Suitable for Use in Anaesthesia First Steps Towards Commercial TCI SystemsThe `Diprifusor ́TCI Development; `Open ́TCI Systems; Remifentanil TCI; Sufentanil TCI; Propofol TCI with Open TCI Devices; Simple Versus Complex Model; Lean Body Mass Calculation; Different Implementations of Effect Control Software; Models for TCI in Children; Use of Different Rate Constants to Predict or Control Effect Site Concentration; Possible Ways Forward; Drug Is Still Being Actively Marketed by the Originating Company; Drug Is No Longer Actively Marketed by Originating Company; Propofol; Other Drugs; Conclusion; References Chapter 3: The Memory Labyrinth: Systems, Processes, and BoundariesIntroduction; A History of the Taxonomy of Memory; A Useful Conceptualization of Memory; Memory as a Behavior: The Ebbinghausen Paradigm, or More Simply, Study-Test Paradigm; From Sensation to Memory: Information Flow; Serial Parallel Independent (SPI) Model of Memory; Recognition Memory: Not So Simple-Familiarity and Recollection with a Detour into Déjà vu; Under the Hood: The Neurobiologic/Neurocomputational Instantiation of Conscious Memory Processes; Working Memory; Episodic/Conscious Memory; The Hippocampus The Rest of the BrainThe ``Black Box ́́of Unconscious Memory; The Neurobiology of Unconscious Memory; Anesthetic Effects on Memory; Anesthetic Effects on Conscious Memory: How Do We Make Patients ``Not Remember a Thing!?́́; Awareness During Anesthesia: Interaction with Memory Systems; Learning During Anesthesia, Is It Possible? What Is the Evidence?; Conclusion; References; Chapter 4: Consciousness and Anesthesia; Brainstem: Basal Forebrain Circuits, Sleep and Anaesthesia; Adenosine as a Mediator of Homeostatic Control; Arousal from Sleep and Anaesthesia Electrophysiological Correlates of Brainstem ActivityThalamic Networks, Sleep and Anaesthesia; Anaesthesia and Thalamic Activity; Failure of Information Transfer from Periphery to the Cortex; Suppression of Ascending Arousal Pathways: Thalamic Readout; Thalamic Consciousness Switch; Thalamocortical and Corticothalamic Loops; Electrophysiological Correlates of Thalamic Activity; Cortical Networks, Sleep and Anaesthesia; Regional Changes in Response to Altered Conscious States; Regional Interactions During Altered Conscious States; Fragmentation of Neuronal Networks with Loss of Consciousness