Why Reforms Are Needed in Bilateral Diplomacy: A Global South Perspective

Abstract

This chapter examines the current limitations, especially in relation to bilateral and regional diplomacy, with examples drawn from large and small states: Australia, Brazil, India, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, and other countries. It covers foreign ministry-embassy relations; hierarchies and internal communications; innovation and how to shift it from a slogan to reality; the wiki method of collective learning; knowledge management; a “benefit of doubt” doctrine; improved management of the four pillars: political, economic, public, and consular diplomacy; the special role of advancing the country’s external economic objectives, especially in trade and FDI. Often reform falters at the stage of detailing the requirements, the role of the key players, and especially at implementation stage. Instead it needs to create a consensus in favor of reform, as well as public communication of objectives, which is part of a wider challenge that diplomatic systems face in gaining recognition for their role in national affairs.