Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio independently predicts advanced pathological staging and poorer survival outcomes in testicular cancer

Abstract

Purpose: An elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with adverse outcomes in various malignancies. However, its role in prognosticating testicular cancer (TC) has not been validated. We aim to study the relationship between NLR and TC. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 160 patients with histological proven TC from January 2005 to June 2016. Youden’s index was used to analyse NLR and a cut-off point of 3.0 was obtained, with statistical receiver operating characteristics of 0.755. Chi-square test, Kaplan–Meier (log rank test) and logistics regression models were used to predict NLR association with survival outcomes. Results: Median age was 34 years old (range, 17–68 years old). There were 102 pure seminomas and 58 non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. Median follow-up period was 8 years (range, 2.5–17 years). NLR ≥3.0 was independently associated with lymph node involvement (p=0.031; odds ratio [OR], 2.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67–5.83; p=0.038; OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.26–6.51) and metastatic disease (p=0.041; OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.22–3.98; p=0.043; OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.17–3.65) in both seminomatous and nonseminomatous germ cell tumours, translating to a more advanced disease. Moreover, NLR ≥3.0 also predicts poorer cancer specific survival in these patients. Conclusions: NLR can be an inexpensive haematological marker in predicting advanced TC staging and poorer survival outcome. NLR complements the traditional cancer staging by identifying a group of high risk patients who may benefit from multimodal treatment and closer surveillance to achieve long term survival.