Revisiting the proton mass decomposition

Abstract

Different decompositions (sum rules) for the proton mass have been proposed in the literature. All of them are related to the energy-momentum tensor in quantum chromodynamics. We review and revisit these decompositions by paying special attention to recent developments with regard to the renormalization of the energy-momentum tensor. The connection between the sum rules is discussed as well. We present numerical results for the various terms of the mass decompositions up to three loops in the strong coupling, and consider their scheme dependence. We also elaborate on the role played by the trace anomaly and the sigma terms.