Seasonal variation in leaf nutrient concentration of northern highbush blueberry cultivars grown in conventional and organic production systems

Abstract

Northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars were evaluated for leaf and fruit nutrient concentration at two production sites in 2013–14. The treatments included cultivar (Duke,Bluecrop,Draper, Legacy,Liberty, and Aurora), site [“conventional” (conventionally managed, grower-collaborator site) and “organic” (certified organic research site)], and amendment–mulch [at the organic site only; “organic mulch” (included preplant amendment and a surface mulch of yard debris compost and sawdust); and “weed mat” (no preplant amendments but with a sawdust mulch topped with weed mat)]. Leaf samples were collected every 2 weeks in all treatment plots from late April through early October of each year. Ripe fruit were subsampled from the second harvest for each cultivar. Fruiting season varied from 22 June to 19 Sept. and the highest yielding cultivar, Legacy, had 114%to 330% greater yield than the lowest, Duke, depending on year and site. Cultivar had a significant effect on all fruit nutrients except for phosphorus (P) at the conventional site. Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) accounted for the largest proportion of nutrient content in the fruit, with 10 to 52 kg·ha–1 and 7 to 34 kg·ha–1 removed in the harvested fruit, respectively, depending on cultivar and site. Fruit carbon concentration ranged from 32%to 44%dry weight with 0.5 to 3.2 t·ha–1 removed in harvested fruit. There were significant year, site, and cultivar effects on leaf nutrient concentrations on many sample dates throughout the season. Despite relatively large differences in management between sites and yield and fruiting season among cultivars, the pattern in leaf nutrient concentration over sampling time was relatively similar between sites and years. Leaf manganese (Mn) and aluminum (Al) concentrations were higher when plants were grown with weedmat as compared with the organicmulch treatment, because soil pH was lower under weedmat than in the organic mulch treatment. ‘Liberty’ had the highest leaf N throughout much of the season at the conventional site. There were relatively large differences among cultivars in leaf magnesium(Mg), calcium (Ca), and Kwhen sampling from mid-July to autumn at both sites. ‘Duke’ and ‘Bluecrop’ tended to have the highest leaf K during this period, whereas ‘Legacy’ and ‘Liberty’ had the lowest. There were greater differences in leaf Ca among cultivars at the conventional site than at the organic site. ‘Draper’ and ‘Legacy’ had higher leaf Ca than ‘Duke’. Leaf nutrient concentrations were within the current published sufficiency levels on many sample dates throughout the season for P, Mg, sulfur (S), Mn, and zinc (Zn), onmany dates in midseason forKand Ca, and from mid- to lateseason for boron (B) and iron (Fe). However, only when sampled in late July to early August, the current recommended sampling time, was leafNwithin sufficiency range.Moreover, there was an effect of cultivar on the concentration ofmost leaf nutrients at both sites when sampled in late July to early August. The recommended sampling time to determine plant nutrient status in northern highbush blueberry should remain at late July to mid-August, regardless of cultivar, when most nutrients are relatively stable. We recommend lowering the leaf sufficiency range for P and copper (Cu) based on our findings.