Association between lower limb spasticity and cryptorchidism in males with cerebral palsy

Abstract

Aim: To explore the association between presence and severity of lower limb spasticity (LLS) and risk of orchidopexy for cryptorchidism among people with cerebral palsy (CP) and to further define the cremasteric muscle spasticity theory. Method: We queried the Pediatric Health Information System database for male patients with CP, stratified patients into those with/without LLS, and compared groups for orchidopexy occurrence. Comparative statistics were performed using χ2 and Mann–Whitney U tests for categorical and continuous variables respectively. The association between orchidopexy and spasticity type was investigated using logistic regression. Results: In total, 44 561 males with CP were identified. Of these, 1.6% underwent orchidopexy (median age: 7 years 8 months [interquartile range: 4 years 6 months–11 years 4 months]). LLS presence was significantly associated with higher orchidopexy rate compared to spasticity absence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.33 [1.10–1.59], p = 0.003). Among 7134 patients with LLS, intervention was significantly associated with higher orchidopexy rate (injection procedures: OR = 2.47 [2.27–6.39], p = 0.034; surgical procedure: OR = 2.60 [1.22–6.76], p = 0.026). LLS groin proximity was significantly associated with higher orchidopexy rate (OR = 2.52 [1.42–4.96], p = 0.003). Interpretation: A strong association exists between LLS presence and severity and orchidopexy risk among people with CP. These findings support a cremasteric spasticity hypothesis as an important factor of cryptorchidism in CP. Providers should continue to examine for cryptorchidism in males with CP as they age. What this paper adds: Lower limb spasticity (LLS) is associated with higher orchidopexy rate in cerebral palsy. Orchidopexy rate was higher in more severe LLS. Orchidopexy rate was higher in more proximal LLS.