The Global Model of Pacing Process for Long and Ultra-Long Distance

Abstract

Pacing process can be thought as a complex process in which the subject controls the intensity of exercise at any time. It is a key factor determining performance, notably in ultra-endurance events. We agree with the fact that perceived exertion is central in the process of pacing as proposed in the central governor model and the psycho-motivational model, notably. But we claim that using effort, as a unique parameter, is not sufficient and that motivation should be integrated in a more complete manner. The aim of this paper was to explore the role of effort but also other perceptive parameters and motivation in fatigue regulation and pacing process. The impact of motivation and feelings were also envisaged in order to propose a novel model of pacing adapted to ultra-endurance. We explore the manner in which objective and subjective characteristics of the task but also the factors of motivation, emotional state, the level of acceptation of emotional state and physiological state interact which each other in order that the athlete self-selects his intensity during fatiguing exercise. Finally, we propose a new “global model of pacing process” (GMPP) based on the self-determination theory, the theory of goal setting and task motivation, and the theory of energy conservation, in order to have a more holistic view of this complex process.