FcγRIIB1/SHIP-mediated Inhibitory Signaling in B Cells Involves Lipid Rafts

Abstract

One type of membrane microdomain, enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol and referred to as lipid rafts, has been implicated in the generation of activating signals triggered by a variety of stimuli. Several laboratories, including ours, have recently demonstrated that the B cell receptor (BCR) inducibly localizes to the rafts upon activation and that functional lipid rafts are important for BCR-mediated "positive" signaling. In the later phases of the immune response, coligation of the BCR and the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB1 leads to potent inhibition of BCR-induced positive signaling through the recruitment of the inositol phosphatase SHIP to FcγRIIB1. One potential model is that the FcγRIIB1 itself might be excluded from the rafts basally and that destabilization of raft-dependent BCR signaling might be part of the mechanism for the FcγRIIB1-mediated negative regulation. We tested this hypothesis and observed that preventing BCR raft localization is not the mechanism for this inhibition. Surprisingly, a fraction of FcγRIIB1 is constitutively localized in the rafts and increases further after BCR + FcR coligation. SHIP is actively recruited to lipid rafts under negative stimulation conditions, and the majority of FcγRIIB1-SHIP complexes localize to lipid rafts compared with non-raft regions of the plasma membrane. This suggested that this negative feedback loop is also initiated in the lipid rafts. Despite its basal localization to the rafts, FcγRIIB1 did not become phosphorylated after BCR alone cross-linking and did not colocalize with the BCR that moves to rafts upon BCR engagement alone (positive signaling conditions), perhaps suggesting the existence of different subsets of rafts. Taken together, these data suggest that lipid rafts play a role in both the positive signaling via the BCR as well as the inhibitory signaling through FcγRIIB1/SHIP.