Nanoparticle-based epidermal and dermal vaccination

Abstract

For years, most vaccines have been administered via the intramuscular or subcutaneous routes. New attractive alternatives to vaccine delivery via hair follicle or intradermal (ID) routes have therefore been developed. Vaccines based on solid or biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs), virus-like particle, virosomes, liposomes have shown promise as good approaches to recombinant proteins for immunization. The potential for ID or transcutaneous NPs-based vaccines with patch or tape-stripping has been validated with several vaccine models in animals studies and human clinical trials. Skin-immunization with conventional vaccine are comparable and are sometimes superior when compared to conventional vaccination. More human clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of particle-based vaccines, including specific patient populations such as immunocompromised patients.