Non and Sub-State Actors: Cybercrime, Terrorism, and Hackers

Abstract

Chapter 6 opens with an overview of outsider threats. These range from ‘script kiddies’, to organized criminal gangs, ‘hacktivist’ groups, and ‘leaktivists’, with the apex predators state-run and intelligence-led Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) hostile to other nation-states. It systematically examines outsider threats, insider threats, and target spotting; hackers, hacking groups, and Social Engineering; Social Network Analysis; terrorism; cybercrime and ‘Dark Net’ markets; organized crime and ransomware; the use of proxy actors by states; and the WannaCry and NotPetya cases.