How Jeffries Wyman put Florida and Shell Mounds on the Map (1860–1875)

Abstract

The state of Florida is an intermittent flashpoint of shell mound research. This process was initiated in the 19th century by Jeffries Wyman, whose 1875 publication Fresh-Water Shell Mounds of the St. John's River, Florida highlighted methods that are now commonplace. Wyman's innovations are often attributed to familiarity with the Scandinavian shell midden school. I examine how Wyman's experiences engaging with the archaeology of northeast Florida also structured his methods and interpretations. I employ GIS to reconstruct Wyman's reconnaissance surveys based on his daily field journals. I consider the characteristics of his encampments and changing field methods. By visualizing Wyman's excursions, I consider why he emphasized certain sites and observations over others, and reconstruct how he conducted his excavations. The results have significance for local researchers who use Wyman's research, and anyone interested in the influence of field experiences on the emergence of prehistory as scientific inquiry and its theoretical consequences.