Superoxide dismutase (SOD), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and disease-modifying treatment are related to better relapse recovery after corticosteroid treatment in multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of our study was to analyze oxidative stress (OS) markers in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients during relapse and remission and to evaluate the effects of corticosteroid relapse treatment on oxidative status, and also to determine possible relationship between OS markers and relapse disability recovery after corticosteroid treatment. Methods: Our study included 118 MS patients, (59 relapse/59 remission) 70 females and 48 males, mean age 40.2 ± 9.4 years, and 88 matched healthy controls. Undergoing disease-modifying therapy (DMT) was present in 30.5% of relapse and 88% of remission MS patients. We analyzed in plasma/serum the following: pro-oxidative–antioxidative balance (PAB), nitrates and nitrites (NO3 + NO2), malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), uric acid, bilirubin, albumin, and transferrin in all patients and additionally after corticosteroid relapse treatment. Neurological disability was measured using the Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Results: Better clinical recovery after relapse treatment was associated with increased baseline SOD, decreased AOPP, and ongoing DMT (all p < 0.05). There was no difference between OS markers in relapse and remission. MS patients had higher MDA, NO3 + NO2, PAB, SOD, CAT, lower AOPP, uric acid, albumin, bilirubin, and transferrin compared to controls (all p < 0.05). Corticosteroids caused significant decrease of all OS markers (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: Increased baseline antioxidative activity of SOD and decreased baseline levels of pro-oxidant AOPP along with ongoing DMT were related to better clinical recovery after corticosteroid relapse treatment. Increase of pro-oxidants and antioxidant enzyme activity in relapse and remission confirms ongoing oxidative injury irrelevant of MS clinical presentation.