Amyloid Fibril Formation by Lens Crystallin Proteins and Its Implications for Cataract Formation

Abstract

The α-, β-, and γ-crystallins are the major structural proteins within the eye lens and are responsible for its exceptional stability and transparency. Under mildly denaturing conditions, all three types of bovine crystallin assemble into fibrillar structures in vitro. Characterization by transmission electron microscopy, dye binding assays, and x-ray fiber diffraction shows that these species have all of the characteristics of fibrils associated with the family of amyloid diseases. Moreover, the full-length proteins are incorporated into the fibrils, (i.e. no protein cleavage is required for these species to form), although for the γ-crystallins some fragmentation occurs under the conditions employed in this study. Our findings indicate that the inherent stability of the β-sheet supramolecular structure adopted by the crystallins in the eye lens and the chaperone ability of α-crystallin must be crucial for preventing fibril formation in vivo. The crystallins are very stable proteins but undergo extensive post-translational modification with age that leads to their destabilization. The ability of the crystallins to convert into fibrils under destabilizing conditions suggests that this process could contribute to the development of cataract with aging.