The Cytoskeleton, Diverse Roles in a Plant’s Life

Abstract

Morphogenesis is a highly controlled biological process that causes a plant to develop particularly shaped organs. During this process, directional growth of cells is achieved by a combinatorial action of isotropic turgor driven expansion, which is spatially constrained or relaxed by either deposition or modification of cell wall polymers. Immense networks of genes and signaling cascades have been identified to govern the process of morphogenesis. However, for shape changes to occur concurrent modulations to structural properties of the cell wall that encapsulates plant cells are necessary. The microtubule cytoskeleton via its regulation of cellulose deposition and the activity of cell wall modifying enzymes controls directional growth and cell wall stiffness, respectively influencing morphogenesis. In this chapter, we outline the components that contribute to the mechanics of plant cells and organs that ultimately regulate plant growth and form.