Role of the acetyltransferase AAC(6′)-Iz modifying enzyme in aminoglycoside resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Abstract

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging nosocomial pathogen that displays high-level intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics including aminoglycosides. A gene [aac(6′)-Iz] encoding an aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme, AAC(6′)-Iz acetyltransferase, was recently cloned and sequenced in S. maltophilia, but its importance with respect to aminoglycoside resistance in this organism was not determined. Using a homologous gene replacement approach, mutants carrying unmarked chromosomal deletions of the aac(6′)-Iz gene were constructed in wild-type and in vitro-selected aminoglycoside-resistant S. maltophilia. AAC(6′)-Iz-deficient mutants derived from both wild-type and aminoglycoside-resistant strains displayed an increase in susceptibility to amikacin, netilmicin, sisomicin and tobramycin (4-to 32-fold decrease in MICs), known substrates for AAC(6′)-I enzymes. The cloned aac(6′)-Iz gene restored the aminoglycoside resistance of the aac(6′)-Iz mutants, and could also confer aminoglycoside resistance upon Escherichia coli. To assess the significance of the aac(6′)-Iz gene with respect to the aminoglycoside resistance of clinical strains, its distribution was assessed in 65 clinical isolates from two hospitals. Using PCR, Southern hybridization, RT-PCR and/or nucleotide sequencing, the aac(6′)-Iz gene was identified in 57% of the isolates. Susceptibility tests indicated a good correlation between the presence of the aac(6′)-Iz gene and the resistance to tobramycin, netilmicin and sisomicin in these strains. These results indicate that the aac(6′)-Iz gene is an important contributor to aminoglycoside resistance in clinical strains of S. maltophilia, particularly to tobramycin.