Endocrinopathies from checkpoint inhibitors: Incidence, outcomes, and management

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are used more and more to treat several types of cancer, signifi cantly extending cancer-free survival. However, concerns are growing about their toxic effects, which are many and varied. Endocrinopathies are some of the most frequently reported adverse effects, and thyroid dysfunction is the most common of these. Here, we review the incidence and severity of each immune checkpoint inhibitor-related endocrinopathy, possible factors related to toxicity risk, and principles of management