Sulphamethazine derivatives as immunomodulating agents: New therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases

Abstract

Sulfamethazine (SMZ) (1) is an antibacterial sulfa drug which suppresses the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid. It is used for the treatment of infections in livestock; such as gastrointestinal, and respiratory tract infections. During the current study, synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of immunomodulatory activities of derivatives of sulfamethazine (SMZ) (3–39) was carried out. These derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of sulfamethazine with a range of acid chlorides. All the compounds were characterized by using modern spectroscopic techniques, such as 1 H-, and 13 C-NMR, EI-MS, and HRFAB-MS. Compounds 3–10, 14, and 15 were identified as new compounds. Immunomodulatory effect of compounds 3–39 on different parameters of innate immune response was evaluated, including the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) from human whole blood and isolated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), nitric oxide (NO), and pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. All the new compounds, except 14 and 15, showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity. Compounds 3–39 were also evaluated for their anti-bacterial activity and cytotoxicity (3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines). All the compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic against normal cell lines.