Cancer of the Kidney, Bladder, and Prostate

Abstract

In the AYA population, kidney and bladder cancer account for 5 % and 2 % of all invasive cancers in male and female AYAs, respectively, and in the United States, prostate cancer has emerged as a contributor to the AYA cancer scene in older AYAs. The incidence of both kidney and prostate cancer had had a distinct increase during the last two decades. Whereas the increase in kidney cancer is at least partially due to overdiagnosis, the reason for the increase in prostate cancer is not known. Men diagnosed with prostate cancer before 40 years of age are nearly three times more likely to have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis than in those diagnosed between the ages of 40 and 80, whereas at all ages, renal cell carcinoma and bladder cancer are predominantly nonmetastatic at diagnosis. The survival rate in men with prostate cancer has not improved in 15- to 29-year-olds to the extent that it has in men over 30 years of age. Both renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer have a worse survival in younger AYAs than those toward the upper end of the AYA age range, overall and stage for stage. Bladder cancer has a better prognosis in AYA females than in older women. To what extent the biology of these cancers is different in AYAs than in older adults remains to be determined.