Regulation and role of photosynthesis in the colonial symbiotic ciliate Ophrydium versatile

Abstract

Symbiotic photosynthesis of the colonial ciliate Ophrydium versatile from transparent temperate lakes was studied with O2 microelectrodes and measurements of O2 and C exchange in laboratory and field incubations. Oxygen gradients were steep just above the colony surface and shallow toward the center of the colony, reflecting that O2 metabolism is high in the peripheral layer containing the ciliates and low in the jelly. Photosynthesis responses resembled those of unicellular and thin multicellular algae by having relatively low light compensation point (25 μmol photon m-2 s-1), low light saturation point (190 μmol photon m-2 s-1), and a sharp transition from light-limited to light-saturated photosynthesis. Inorganic C supply to Ophrydium supported photosynthetic rates close to maximum in air-saturated alkaline lake water. Photosynthesis patterns were similar in short-time laboratory experiments and diel outdoor experiments and showed no indication of photoinhibition and rhythmicity in the relationship of photosynthesis to irradiance during the day. The endosymbiotic zoochlorellae dominated the O2 metabolism of Ophrydium ciliates, resulting in much steeper O2 gradients at the colony surface in the light than in the dark and a large diel surplus of gross photosynthesis relative to respiration. Symbiotic photosynthesis produced sufficient carbon to support the measured growth rate, the respiration, and the substantial carbon content of the colony jelly, whereas particle filtration of ciliates presumably supplied the nutrients for net growth of the assemblage. The location of the ciliates at low density in the periphery of the colony and the water movements generated by the ciliates are probably important for the efficient plant-like use of light and inorganic C by Ophrydium and the ability to form high densities of zoochlorellae.