Application-level correctness and its impact on fault tolerance

Abstract

Traditionally, fault tolerance researchers have required architectural state to be numerically perfect for program execution to be correct. However, in many programs, even if execution is not 100% numerically correct, the program can still appear to execute correctly from the user's perspective. Hence, whether a fault is unacceptable or benign may depend on the level of abstraction at which correctness is evaluated, with more faults being benign at higher levels of abstraction, i.e. at the user or application level, compared to lower levels of abstraction, i.e. at the architecture level. The extent to which programs are more fault resilient at higher levels of abstraction is application dependent. Programs that produce inexact and/or approximate outputs can be very resilient at the application level. We call such programs soft computations, and we find they are common in multimedia workloads, as well as artificial intelligence (AI) workloads. Programs that compute exact numerical outputs offer less error resilience at the application level. However, we find all programs studied in this paper exhibit some enhanced fault resilience at the application level, including those that are traditionally considered exact computations-e.g., SPECInt CPU2000.This paper investigates definitions of program correctness that view correctness from the application's standpoint rather than the architecture's standpoint. Under application-level correctness, a program's execution is deemed correct as long as the result it produces is acceptable to the user. To quantify user satisfaction, we rely on application-level fidelity metrics that capture userperceived program solution quality. We conduct a detailed fault susceptibility study that measures how much more fault resilient programs are when defining correctness at the application level compared to the architecture level. Our results show for 6 multimedia and AI benchmarks that 45.8% of architecturally incorrect faults are correct at the application level. For 3 SPECInt CPU2000 benchmarks, 17.6% of architecturally incorrect faults are correct at the application level. We also present a lightweight fault recovery mechanism that exploits the relaxed requirements on numerical integrity provided by application-level correctness to reduce checkpoint cost. Our lightweight fault recovery mechanism successfully recovers 66.3% of program crashes in our multimedia and AI workloads, while incurring minimum runtime overhead. © 2007 IEEE.