Vitamin D deficiency status and its related risk factors during early pregnancy: A cross-sectional study of pregnant Minangkabau women, Indonesia

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a common problem in reproductive-aged women and has become a major public health problem worldwide. The effect of VDD in pregnancy has been associated with several adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to assess the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in the first trimester and its associated factors (socio-demographics, pregnancy profiles, dietary intake, and maternal anthropometry measurements) for the determination of vitamin D deficiency status in early pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 239 pregnant mothers in West Sumatra, Indonesia was conducted. We measured lifestyle, socio-demographics and pregnancy profile through a structured questionnaire and interview process. A semi quantitative-food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) was used to analyse the dietary intake of the pregnant women. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured at < 13 weeks gestation using ELISA and logistic regression models were employed to identify the predictors of low vitamin D status. Results: The prevalence of first-trimester maternal VDD and sufficiency were 82.8 and 17.2% respectively. The median 25(OH)D was 13.15 ng/mL (3.00-49.29 ng/mL). The significant independent predictors were no working status (OR: 0.029;0.001-0.708) (p = 0.030); nulliparous parity status (OR: 7.634;1.550-37.608) (p = 0.012); length of outdoor activity status of less than an hour (OR: 9.659;1.883-49.550) (p = 0.007); and no consumption of supplements before pregnancy (OR: 4.49;1.081-18.563) (p = 0.039). Conclusions: The prevalence of VDD is common in early pregnancy among Minangkabau women. Recommendations and policies to detect and prevent such insufficiency during pregnancy should be developed by considering the associated factors.