Brain on a chip: Engineering form and function in cultured neuronal networks

Abstract

We culture embryonic rat hippocampal neurons to learn how small networks of neurons interact and code information. We design the networks by using microlithography to control surface chemistry that in turn controls the initial position of the neurons and strongly influences subsequent growth. The lithography also permits us to guide neurons preferentially to electrodes of a microelectrode array, with a resultant increase in recordability and excitability of the cultured neurons. Geometric control also allows us to begin to investigate the question as to whether the geometric pattern of a neuronal network influences the patterns of its neuroelectric activity. Various neuronal network behaviors can be demonstrated, including propagation of both action potential and synaptically coupled activity, graded activation of networks, convergence of information flow, and elementary learning phenomena. The immediate aim of the research is the creation of a reliable, repeatable, and robust tool for understanding neuronal information processing. Long term the results will assist basic and applied neuroscience including prosthetics and cell based biosensors.