Echocardiographic association of epicardial fat with carotid intima–media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Background: Epicardial fat is recognized as active endocrine organ and as emerging risk factor for cardio-metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between epicardial fat and carotid intima–media thickness in type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: Epicardial fat thickness was measured in 76 type 2 diabetes patients without clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and 30 age- and sex-matched controls. In addition to laboratory tests, all patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography for epicardial fat thickness and ultrasonographic examination of carotid intima–media thickness. Results: Patients with diabetes had higher epicardial fat thickness and carotid intima–media thickness than those of the controls (6.23 ± 1.27 mm vs 4.6 ± 1.03 mm, p < 0.001 and 0.77 ± 0.150 mm vs 0.58 ± 0.08 mm, p < 0.001, respectively). Epicardial fat thickness was correlated significantly with age, duration of type 2 diabetes, body mass index, waist circumference, HbA1c, carotid intima–media thickness, Homeostasis Model Assessment Index for insulin resistance and lipid profile in the type 2 diabetic patients. Stepwise regression analysis showed that carotid intima–media thickness, duration of diabetes, triglyceride and body mass index were the independent predictors of epicardial fat thickness, with carotid intima–media thickness the most important predictor (β = 3.078, t = 4.058, p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was done and cut-off high-risk epicardial fat thickness value of 6.1 mm was determined with a sensitivity and specificity of 71.4% and 72%, respectively. Conclusion: Patients with type 2 diabetes have higher carotid intima–media thickness and epicardial fat thickness. Epicardial fat thickness was found to be a strong predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis.