Heart failure (HF) is a structural or functional cardiac abnormal syndrome characterized with series of symptoms and signs such as breathlessness, fatigue, pulmonary crackles, and peripheral edema. Being a terminal phase of most myocardial lesions, HF has become a leading cause of mobility and mortality worldwide, associated with heavy clinical burden and economic costs affecting over 23 million people [14]. There is an increase to 5.5% with systolic dysfunction and an increase to 36.0% with diastolic dysfunction in people 60 years or older [85]. The costs accompanied with heart failure stand 2–3% of the total healthcare system expenditure in high-income countries and are expected to increase >2-fold in the next 2 decades [34].
CITATION STYLE
Li, W., Shen, C., Yin, L., Ge, J., & Sun, A. (2019). Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 and Heart Failure. In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (Vol. 1193, pp. 89–106). Springer New York LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6260-6_5
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