Fibre-Optic and Nanoparticle-Based Fluorescence Sensing Using Indicator Dyes: Pitfalls, Self- Referencing, Application, and Future Trends

Abstract

Herein is described how reliable measurements of ionic analytes and biomolecules can be performed using fibre-optic sensors or sensor nanoparticles. Referenced signal readings are achieved by using ratiometric dyes or by combination of indicator dyes with inert luminophores. Thus, it becomes possible to minimize effects from light source instability, leaching, photobleaching or sample colouration. Similarly, a combination of reference and indicator dyes in nanoparticles enables quantitative measurements, for example, in cells and tissues.