Modern Racism Scale

Abstract

The aim of the study was to analyse the appearance of the superficial muscolo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in radiological images (Magnetic Resonance -MR- and Computed tomography -CT- scans, 10M, 10F randomly selected) in the three regions of the face (the parotid and cheek regions and the nasolabial fold). In axial CT images, the SMAS appears as a relatively hyperdense tortuous line between the hypodense superficial fibroadipose tissue (SAT) and the hypodense deep adipose tissue (DAT). In parotid region SAT is well represented (mean thickness 4.32 +/- 2.9 mm), whereas DAT is very thin (0.33 +/- 0.48 mm); SMAS appears as a thin hyperdense line, close to the parotid gland (0.76 +/- 0.43 mm). In cheek region, SAT is well represented (5.57 +/- 1.17 mm), whereas DAT is thinner (2.94 +/- 0.62 mm), and SMAS is well recognisable (1.69 +/- 0.52 mm). At the level of the nasolabial fold, the SAT is poorly represented (0.37 +/- 0.06 mm); the SMAS continues in the mimic muscles (2.41 +/- 0.05 mm), and DAT shows a mean thickness of 2.15 +/- 0.63 mm. In the MR examination, the SMAS appears as a thin continuous line hypointense in the T1-and T2-weighted sequence, from parotid region to nasolabial fold, comprising mimic muscles in the anterior region of the cheek and at the level of the nasolabial fold. No significative differences in thickness between CT and MR were found. Our anatomo-radiological study confirms that the subcutaneous architecture of the face consists of multiple layers of tissues that connect facial muscles with the dermis. This pattern of arrangement shows a progressive centrifugal thinning towards the adjacent regions.