Insomnia episodes, new-onset pharmacological treatments, and other sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Brazilian health care professionals

Abstract

Study Objectives: To evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on insomnia and other sleep disturbances in health care professionals. Methods: A survey was distributed using social media and organizational emails to Brazilian active health care professionals during the COVID-19 outbreak. We explored potential associated factors including age, sex, occupation, workplace, work hours, income, previous infection with COVID-19, recent/current contact with COVID-19 patients, regional number of incident deaths, anxiety, and burnout. We evaluated new-onset/previous insomnia worsening episodes (primary outcome), new pharmacological treatments, sleep quality, duration, nightmares, and snoring (secondary outcomes). Results: A total of 4,384 health professionals from all regions of the country were included in the analysis (44 ± 12 years, 76% females, 53.8% physicians). Overall, 55.7% were assisting patients with COVID-19, and 9.2% had a previous COVID-19 infection. The primary outcome occurred in 32.9% of respondents in parallel to 13% new pharmacological treatments for insomnia. The sleep quality worsened for 61.4%, while 43.5% and 22.8% reported ≥ 1-hour sleep duration reduction and worsening or new-onset nightmares, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.008; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.001–1.015), females (OR: 1.590; 95% CI 1.335–1.900), weight change (decrease: OR: 1.772; 95% CI 1.453–2.161; increase: OR: 1.468; 95% CI 1.249–1.728), prevalent anxiety (OR: 3.414; 95% CI 2.954–3.948), new-onset burnout (OR: 1.761; 95% CI 1.489–2.083), family income reduction > 30% (OR: 1.288; 95% CI 1.069–1.553), and assisting patients with COVID-19 (OR: 1.275; 95% CI 1.081–1.506) were independently associated with new-onset or worsening of previous insomnia episodes. Conclusions: We observed a huge burden of insomnia episodes and other sleep disturbances in health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.