Risk and trajectory of premature ischaemic cardiovascular disease in women with a history of pre-eclampsia: a nationwide register-based study

Abstract

Aims Pre-eclampsia increases women's lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Little is known about the trajectory of CVD after pre-eclampsia, limiting the usefulness of this knowledge for informing screening, prevention, and interventions. We investigated when the risk of CVD increases after pre-eclampsia and how the risk changes over time since pregnancy. Methods This register-based study included 1 157 666 women with >1 pregnancy between 1978 and 2017. Cumulative incidences of and results acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischaemic stroke were estimated, as well as hazard ratios (HRs) by attained age and time since delivery. Up to 2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46-2.82%] of women with pre-eclampsia in their first pregnancy had an AMI or stroke within two decades of delivery, compared with up to 1.2% (95% CI: 1.08-1.30%) of pre-eclampsia-free women; differences in cumulative incidences were evident 7 years after delivery. Ten years after delivery, women with pre-eclampsia had four- and three-fold higher rates of AMI (HR = 4.16, 95% CI: 3.16-5.49) and stroke (HR = 2.59, 95% CI 2.04-3.28) than women without pre-eclampsia; rates remained doubled >20 years later. Women with pre-eclampsia aged 30-39 years had five-fold and three-fold higher rates of AMI (HR = 4.88, 95% CI 3.55-6.71) and stroke (HR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.95-3.36) than women of similar age without pre-eclampsia. Conclusions Women with a history of pre-eclampsia have high rates of AMI and stroke at early ages and within a decade after delivery. The findings suggest that pre-eclampsia history could be useful in identifying women at increased risk of CVD and that targeted interventions should be initiated soon after delivery. Lay summary Women with a history of pre-eclampsia constitute a high-risk subgroup of women who would benefit from additional clinical monitoring while still comparatively young., Up to twice as many women with a first pregnancy complicated by pre-eclampsia develop acute myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke within 20 years of delivery compared with women without pre-eclampsia in their first pregnancy (2 vs. 1.2%)., Relative risks of acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke were greatest in women aged 30-39 years and within a decade of pre-eclampsia but remained substantial even <20 years later and in older women.