Diversity and nutrient composition of the diets of breastfed infants

Abstract

Objective: Many studies have examined the quality of diets in children; however, most were conducted either in industrialized countries, where breastfeeding rates are low, or in socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. The primary aim of our study was to determine the diversity and nutritional composition of the diets of healthy breastfed infants. The secondary aim was to determine dietary macronutrient and micronutrient intake via meal and snack patterns. Material and Methods: We recruited 130 infants aged 9-12 months who attended the well child outpatient clinic. Data were collected using 3-day dietary records completed by the mothers. Daily nutrient intake was calculated using computer software (Ebispro, Stuttgart, Germany; Turkish version: BeBis, Vers 6.1). Means and standard deviations were calculated using descriptive statistics for nutrient intake and mean daily intakes were compared with the recommended dietary allowance/adequate intake reference values. Results: Median energy intake was 810 kcal/day. Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein provided was approximately 45%, 43%, and 12% of the total daily energy. Intakes below the recommended daily intakes were found in 100% for niacin, 98% for iron, 96% for pantothenic acid and biotin, 91% for vitamin E, 87% for iodine, 67% for folate, 60% for vitamin C, 48% for manganese, 41% for magnesium, and 31% for zinc. Sodium intake was high in 93% of cases. Seventy five percent of the infants met the minimum dietary diversity. Breakfast was found to contribute the greatest proportion of energy as well as macronutrients and micronutrients acquired during the day. Conclusions: The study describes in detail both the quality and quantity of diets of a sample of breastfed Turkish infants not consuming fortified foods. Concerns regarding low intake of antioxidants, iron, iodine, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folate, manganese, and magnesium as well as excessive intake of energy, protein, and sodium should be addressed.