Glycinebetaine-mediated abiotic oxidative-stress tolerance in plants: Physiological and biochemical mechanisms

Abstract

Plants face many stressful conditions during their lifetimes and because of their sessile nature they have to adapt to these conditions in order to survive. One unfortunate and unavoidable consequence of all major biotic and abiotic stresses is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are highly reactive and toxic chemical entities and can cause serious damage to cellular proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA, leading to irreparable metabolic dysfunction and cell death. Plant cells and their organelles, particularly the chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes have antioxidant defence systems, composed of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components, to counter the deleterious effects of ROS and/or to perform signalling functions. It is an established fact that the timely induction of antioxidant defences is a key to protection of plant cells from oxidative damage due to stress. Enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidases and glutathione reductase, while the major non-enzymatic antioxidants are compatible osmolytes (glycinebetaine, GB; and proline), ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, a-tocopherol, amino acids and polyphenols. Stimulated biosynthesis and accumulation of low molecular weight compatible osmolytes is one of the most effective mechanisms evolved by plants to maintain their cellular integrity and ensure survival when exposed to multiple abiotic stresses. Glycinebetaine, an N-trimethyl derivative of glycine and a quaternary ammonium compound, is one of the most studied and efficient compatible solutes. Due to its unique structural features, it interacts both with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains of macromolecules, including enzymes and proteins. GB has been reported to protect plants from the antagonistic effects of a range of abiotic stresses, by maintaining the water balance between plant cells and environment, osmotic adjustment, protecting the thylakoid membrane system, protein stabilization, photosystem and photosynthetic electron transport chain protection and by modulating ROS detoxification. In recent years, GB has attained unprecedented attention due to its multifunctional roles in plants under stressful conditions. In this chapter, we summarize our understanding of ROS formation under abiotic stress and GB biosynthesis and accumulation, as an adaptive mechanism, with particular emphasis on the new insights into the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in GB-mediated abiotic oxidative stress tolerance in plants.