Identifying and Comparing Writing Process Patterns Using Keystroke Logs

Abstract

There is a growing literature on the use of process data in digitally delivered assessments. In this study, we analyzed students’ essay writing processes using keystroke logs. Using four basic writing performance indicators, writers were grouped into four clusters, representing groups from fluent to struggling. The clusters differed significantly on the mean essay score, mean total time spent on task, and mean total number of words in the final submissions. Two of the four clusters were significantly different on the aforementioned three dimensions but not on typing skill. The higher scoring group even showed signs of less fluency than the lower scoring group, suggesting that task engagement and writing efforts might play an important role in generating better quality text. The four identified clusters further showed distinct sequential patterns over the course of the writing session on three process characteristics and, as well, differed on their editing behaviors during the writing process.