Extreme environment: Biofilms and microbial diversity

Abstract

Extreme environments have been the interest of numerous studies and scientific publications. For many years, these environmental roles, which are characterised by high or low temperatures, high-pressure, low pH, high salt concentrations and companions of two or more extreme parameters. For many years, these environmental niches have increased in importance due to extreme microorganisms diversity and their potential returns of several industrial production processes concerning the food fields, medical and pharmaceutical. At present, it's possible to detect life in most extreme environments, from the deep sea hot springs, depth of the oceans, deep inside the earth crust, harsh chemical environments, and high radiation environments through metagenomics analysis. In this review, newly identified microorganisms, and their potential uses in several applied fields have been outlined. The microbial development in biofilms form has supported the survival of alkaliphiles, psychrophile, halophile thermophile and extremophile microorganisms; where they flourish due to the adaptation strategies involving complex variation in biofilms structure and behaviours.