Hesperetin Induces the Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells via Activating Mitochondrial Pathway by Increasing Reactive Oxygen Species

Abstract

Background: Hesperetin, has been shown to exert biological activities on various types of human cancers. However, few related studies on gastric cancer are available. Aim: In this study, we sought to investigate the effect of hesperetin on gastric cancer and clarify its specific mechanism. Materials and Methods: Cell Counting Kit-8, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, JC-1, Hoechst 33258 staining, and western bolt were used to detect cell viability, levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (△ψm), cell apoptosis, and expressions of mitochondrial pathway proteins, respectively. Meanwhile, xenograft tumor models in nude mice were made to evaluate the effect of hesperetin on gastric cancer in vivo. Results: Compared with the control group, the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in hesperetin groups was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05), and dose- and time-dependent effects were observed. Pretreatment with H2O2 (1 mM) or N-acetyl-l-cysteine (5 mM) enhanced or attenuated the hesperetin-induced inhibition of cell viability (P < 0.05). Percentages of apoptotic cells, levels of intracellular ROS, and △ψm varied with the dose and treatment time of hesperetin (P < 0.05), and hesperetin caused an increase in the levels of AIF, Apaf-1, Cyt C, caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax and a decrease in Bcl-2 levels (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, hesperetin significantly inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests that hesperetin could inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells via activating the mitochondrial pathway by increasing the ROS.