Executive functions

Abstract

Executive function (EF) refers to the ability to control one’s processing along external and internal goals, including working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and multitasking. Numerous studies showed that EF can be improved by training across a wide range of ages. Some of them also reported performance improvements on untrained tasks measuring the same construct (near transfer) and even on tasks measuring other cognitive abilities (far transfer). However, especially results regarding far transfer have been very inconsistent and seem to vary as a function of intervention type, training intensity, and target population. In this chapter, we first introduce definitions and models of EF and present their implications for EF training. Afterward, we review findings from studies focusing on the training of multitasking, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility and describe individual differences in the effects of these training interventions. We close by discussing the current state of research and proposing important issues for future research.