Recent Advances in Functionalization Strategies for Biosensor Interfaces, Especially the Emerging Electro-Click: A Review

Abstract

The functionalization of biosensor interfaces constitutes a crucial aspect of biosensing systems, as it directly governs key characteristics, including sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and rapidity. Among the diverse range of functionalization strategies available for biosensor interfaces, the click reaction has emerged as an exceptionally straightforward and stable approach for modifying electrodes and sensing films. Notably, the electro-click reaction enables the reagent-free functionalization of the biosensing interface, offering significant advantages, such as high speed, selectivity, and minimal pollution. Consequently, this strategy has garnered substantial attention and is widely regarded as a promising avenue for enhancing biosensor interface functionalization. Within this comprehensive review, we commence by presenting the latest advancements in functionalized biosensor interfaces, organizing the regulatory strategies into distinct categories based on the mediators employed, ranging from nanomaterials to biomolecules. Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive summary with an emphasis on recently developed electro-click strategies for functionalizing electrochemical and optical biosensor interfaces, covering both principles and applications. It is our anticipation that gaining a profound understanding of the principles and applications underlying electro-click strategies for biosensor interface functionalization will facilitate the design of highly selective and sensitive biosensor systems for diverse domains, such as clinical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and food analyses.