Conclusion

Abstract

As this study has attempted to show, the complexities of place (COP) approach is correct that there is value to be gained from conceptualizing places and their health as complex systems. There is also value in the nine-item definition of complex systems that is currently used, at least as pertains to the topic of sprawl and health. Considering all nine tests together, here are our conclusions regarding the utility of the COP approach and, more specifically, its utility for understanding sprawl and health.