An Integrated Predictive Model of Population Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D for Application in Strategy Development for Vitamin D Deficiency Prevention1-3

Abstract

Background: To enable food-based strategies for the prevention of vitamin D deficiency to be evidence-based, there is a need to develop integrated predictive models of population serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] that are responsive to both solar and dietary inputs of vitamin D. Objectives: The objectives of thisworkwere to develop and validate an integratedmathematical modelwith the use of data on UVB availability, exposure, and dietary intake to predict serum 25(OH)D concentrations in a nationally representative sample of adults, and then test the model's performance with the use of 3 hypothetical fortification scenarios as exemplars. Methods: Data on UVB availability and hours of sunlight in Ireland were used in a mathematical model to predict serum 25(OH)D in Irish adults aged 18-64 y. An equation from our dose-related vitamin D supplementation trial in adults was developed and integrated into the model, which allowed us to predict the impact of changes in dietary vitamin D on the contribution to annual serum 25(OH)D concentrations, accounting for seasonality of UVB availability. Recently published estimates of the impact of 3 vitamin D food fortification scenarios on vitamin D intake in a representative sample of Irish adults were used in the model as a test. Results: The UVB- and vitamin D intake-serum 25(OH)D components of the integrated model were both validated with the use of independent data. The model predicted that the percentage of vitamin D deficiency [serum 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L] in the adult population during an extended winter period was 18.1% (vs. 18.6% measured), which could be reduced in a stepwisemannerwith the incorporation of an increased number of vitaminD-fortified foods, down to 6.6%with the inclusion of enhanced fortified dairy-related products, fat spreads, fruit juice and drinks, and cereal products. Conclusion: Mathematical models have the ability to inform how vitamin D food fortification in various constructs may affect population serum 25(OH)D concentrations and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency.