Delays in sound recognition and imitation in underinsured children receiving cochlear implantation

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Barriers to early pediatric cochlear implantation in underinsured populations have been previously reported. However, to our knowledge, the effect of this delay on the development of auditory and speech-language objectives has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE To determine if health care insurance status affects the achievement of proficiency in basic sound access and imitation tasks in children with cochlear implants. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A retrospective review of 123 children aged 1 to 12 years receiving cochlear implants at the single tertiary referral academic free-standing Children's National Health System in Washington, DC, between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Auditory function after cochlear implantation, time to proficiency in Ling-6 scores, and number of speech therapy and audiological appointments, as well as current educational setting, were compared with patient age at diagnosis of hearing loss, age at cochlear implantation, cochlear implantation insertion technique, and health care insurance status for recipients of cochlear implants. RESULTS A total of 123 children aged 1 to 12 years (mean [SD] age, 64.0 [57.4] years) with cochlear implants were included in the study. Of 37 patients with complete and accurate Ling-6 test scores, 23 (62.1%) were able to have proficiency a mean of 5.1 months at follow-up. Despite equal auditory performance on pure-tone audiometry after cochlear implantation, publicly insured recipients had Ling-6 proficiency a mean of 6.0 months (95% CI, 5.5-6.5 months) later than privately insured recipients (11.0 vs 5.0 months). When controlling for patient age, time to cochlear implantation, number of therapy sessions, and cochlear implantation insertion technique, multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed health care insurance status to be the independent variable associated with inadequate Ling-6 discrimination scores (odds ratio, 46.2; 95% CI, 2.9-729.4). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Despite equal speech detection scores, publicly insured recipients of cochlear implantation had a significant and critical delay in attaining proficiency in a fundamental measure of sound recognition and imitation.