Intraoperative vasopressor use and early postoperative acute kidney injury in elderly patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery

Abstract

Background: Intraoperative hypotension is a risk factor for postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI). Elderly patients are susceptible due to reduced responses to acute hemodynamic changes. Aims: Determine the association between hypotension identified from anesthetic charts and postoperative AKI in elderly patients. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of elective noncardiac surgery patients ≥65 years, at an Australian tertiary hospital (December 2019–March 2021), with the primary outcome of AKI ≤48 h of surgery. Factors of interest were intraoperative hypotension determined from anesthetic charts (mean arterial pressure <60 mmHg, systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, recorded 5-min) and intraoperative vasopressor use. Results: In 830 patients (mean age 75 years), systolic hypotension was more frequent than mean arterial hypotension (25.7% vs. 11.9%). Most hypotensive episodes were brief (7.2% of systolic and 4.2% of mean arterial hypotension lasted >10 min) but vasopressors were used in 84.7% of cases. The incidence of postoperative AKI was 13.9%. Systolic hypotension >20 min was associated with AKI (OR, 3.88; 95% CI: 1.38–10.9), which was not significant after adjusting for vasopressors, creatinine, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, and hemoglobin drop. The cumulative dose of any specific vasopressor >20 mg (or >10 mg epinephrine) was independently associated with AKI (adjusted OR, 2.47; 95% CI: 1.34–4.58). Every 5 mg increase in the total dose of all intraoperative vasopressors used during surgery was associated with 11% increased odds of AKI (95% CI: 3–19%). Conclusions: High vasopressor use was associated with postoperative AKI in elderly patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, independent of hypotension identified from anesthetic charts.