Evidence for r-process Delay in Very Metal-poor Stars

Abstract

The abundances of r -process elements of very metal-poor stars capture the history of the r -process enrichment in the early stage of star formation in a galaxy. Currently, various types of astrophysical sites including neutron star mergers (NSMs), magneto-rotational supernovae, and collapsars, are suggested as the origin of r -process elements. The time delay between the star formation and the production of r -process elements is the key to distinguish these scenarios, with the caveat that the diffusion of r -process elements in the interstellar medium may induce the delay in r -process enrichment because r -process events are rare. Here we study the observed Ba abundance data of very metal-poor stars as the tracer of the early enrichment history of r -process elements. We find that the gradual increase of [Ba/Mg] with [Fe/H], which is remarkably similar among the Milky Way and classical dwarfs, Requires a significant time delay (100 Myr–1 Gyr) of r -process events from star formation rather than the diffusion-induced delay. We stress that this conclusion is robust to the assumption regarding s -process contamination in the Ba abundances because the sources with no delay would overproduce Ba at very low metallicities, even without the contribution from the s -process. Therefore, we conclude that sources with a delay, possibly NSMs, are the origins of r -process elements.