Maternal Stress, Pregnancy Diseases and Child Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit (ADHD)

Abstract

full_ here, & part in a doc re- neural correlated of adhd -------- ***INTENSING** & *PRENATAL STRESS* ---- :*Maternal Stress; ***HYPEREXCITABILITY***--- **NEURAL CORRELATES OF ADHD** below... Pregnancy Diseases; Hyperexcitability and Attention Deficit; Clinical Study--- **Allergic Diseases in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder**--- ____ *Abstract___ __ In the present clinical study the mothers of infant patients with Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit (ADHD) exhibited the followings diseases during pregnancy: Preeclampsia 6%, hyperemesis gravídarum 4%, urinary infections 8%, oligohydramnios and loss of amniotic fluid 2%, abnormal uterine bleeding 2%, aging placenta 2%, placental abruption 3%, high blood pressure 8%, diabetes 4%, prepartum depression 7%, postpartum depression 3%, anxiety, and social problems, such as work, environmental, and conjugal stress. The 100 infant patients examined with Hyperexcitability and Attention Deficit (ADHD) exhibited some of the following associated comorbidities, such as perinatal hypoxia, low weight at birth, behavioural abnormities, anxiety, auto- and hetero aggressivity, autism spectrum disorder, language, learning and hearing disorders, mainly hypoacusia, anorexia or hyperphagia and mental retardation. Social isolation, cognitive deficit, sleeping disorders, talking during sleep, suicidal thoughts, planning and attempts suicidal, parenteral abuse of child. Some non-nervous system co-morbidities, such as pulmonary diseases, and allergic reactions also were found. Some locomotor abnormalities as genus valgo and flat feet were also observed. Preventive interventions suited for the pregnancy period may benefit both maternal and offspring mental health. This line of work should be given high priority on public health research policies mainly in developing countries. ____ Introduction Psychosocial stress before and during pregnancy appears to be an independent risk factor for the development of ADHD in their children [1]. The bidirectional relation between family functioning and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms across the preschool years and primary school has been reported [2]. This is especially the case of families where children have special needs conditions or disorders, like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [3]. In addition, this highlights the need to provide support for mothers and fathers who have children with ADHD. Effects of maternal stress on offspring neurodevelopment, cognitive developmental disorders, negative affectivity, difficult temperament and psychiatric disorders are shown in numerous epidemiological and case-control studies. There is not any specific vulnerable period of gestation; prenatal stress effects vary for different gestational ages possibly depending on the developmental stage of specific brain areas and circuits, stress system and immune system. Biological correlates in the prenatally stressed offspring are aberrations in neurodevelopment, neurocognitive function, cerebral processing, functional and structural brain connectivity involving amygdalae and prefrontal cortex, changes in Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA)-axis, and autonomous nervous system [4]. ----- Prenatal stress exposure is associated with adverse psychiatric outcomes, including autism and ADHD, as well as locomotor and social inhibition and anxiety-like behaviours in animal offspring. Similarly, maternal immune activation also contributes to psychiatric risk and aberrant offspring behaviour. The mechanisms underlying these outcomes are not clear. Offspring microglia and the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-6 (IL-6), known to influence microglia, may serve as common mechanisms between prenatal stress and prenatal immune activation. The behavioural effects of prenatal stress in offspring, including increased anxietylike behaviour, decreased sociability and locomotor inhibition, may be related to GABAergic delays, ADHD related lifestyles and resulting comorbidities (e.g., food addiction and obesity, substance abuse, electronic media dependencies and conduct and personality disorders). Although ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, its assessment and treatment are also linked to environmental, behavioural and social factors and their interactions [5]. The present paper deals with the relationship between maternal stress, pregnancy diseases and the hyperactivity and attention deficit in children. A clinical study with a correlated neural pathway is described. --- Allergic Diseases in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ----- full**--- *ROCK MAIN TOP** ADHD***--- --- **NEURAL CORRELATES OF ADHD** Neural Correlates of ADHD Hyperexcitability and Attention Deficit (ADHD) is characterized by multiple functional and structural neural network abnormalities including most prominently front-striatal, but also front-parietotemporal, front-cerebellar and even front-limbic networks. Evidence from longitudinal structural imaging studies has shown that ADHD is characterized by a delay in structural brain maturation [51]. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) research has long focused on the dopaminergic system’s contribution to pathogenesis, although the results have been inconclusive. However, the involvement of the noradrenergic system, which modulates cognitive processes, such as arousal, working memory, and response inhibition, all of which are typically affected in ADHD [52]. Dopamine and norepinephrine are the main neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Patients showed significantly reduced dorsal caudate functional connectivity with the superior and middle prefrontal cortices as well as reduced dorsal putamen connectivity with the parahippocampal cortex [53]. --- According to Gau et al. [43], impaired school functioning and altered white matter integrity in front striatal networks have been associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Deficits and ADHD symptoms may be the mediating mechanisms for this association. These patients are characterized by a prefrontal hypoactivity. Therefore, the Authors formulate the hypothesis that children with ADHD benefit from sleep with respect to procedural memory more than healthy children [54-64]. Children with ADHD showed an improvement in motor skills after sleep compared to the wake condition. These data suggest that sleep in ADHD normalizes deficits in procedural memory observed during daytime [44]. Research initially supported the theory that deficits in Executive Function (EF) underlie the core neuropsychological deficit of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), particularly deficits in working memory and inhibitory control arising from dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex. However, recent findings have called the EF deficit theory of ADHD into question, and research on the specificity of both direct and indirect measures of EF has not yielded promising results. EF measures can, in light of the most current science, still remain a useful part of a neuropsychological test battery [45]. Boys with ADHD comorbid LD show deficits in overall memory function and long-term memory while short-term memory is partially damaged. Impairment in immediate memory is not detected [46]. Thalamo-cortico-striatal circuits and limbic system are recognized as the anatomic and functional substrate for all causal neuro-cognitive models for ADHD [19] -----