Quantification of plasma sulfatides by mass spectrometry: Utility for metachromatic leukodystrophy

Abstract

Impaired sulfatide catabolism is the primary biochemical insult in patients with the inherited neurodegenerative disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), and sulfatide elevation in body fluids is useful in the diagnostic setting. Here we used mass spectrometry to quantify fourteen species of sulfatide, in addition to the deacetylated derivative, lyso-sulfatide, using high pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry in both positive and negative ion mode. A single phase extraction of 0.01 mL of MLD plasma identified all 14 sulfatide species in the positive ion mode but none in the negative ion mode. Interrogation of seven major and seven hydroxylated molecular species, as well as lyso-sulfatide, identified the C18 isoform as the most informative for MLD. The C18 produced a linear response and was below the limit of quantification (<10 pmol mL−1) in control plasma with concentrations in MLD plasma ranging from 12 to 196 pmol mL−1. Serial plasma samples from an MLD patient post-therapeutic bone marrow transplant proved similar to non-disease controls with C18 sulfatide concentrations below the limit of quantification, as did samples from three individuals with an arylsulfatase A pseudodeficiency – a population variant which appears deficient upon enzymatic assay, without manifestation of disease. These findings emphasise the utility of the C18 sulfatide species for the diagnosis of MLD and biochemical monitoring of MLD patients. Extension of this approach to a newborn screening card correctly identified an MLD patient at birth with elevated C18 sulfatide at levels almost double that present in the newborn card from his unaffected sibling, suggesting the methodology may have applicability for newborn screening.