Manufacturing and processes related to chromogenic materials and applications

Abstract

This chapter aims to explain various manufacturing processes used for commercial products that involve chromogenic materials. Challenges in the use of chromogenic pigments, inks, and dyes are presented based on industrial practice and patents. Some of the manufacturing processes are applicable to more than one type of chromogenic material type (thermochromic, photochromic, electrochromic, etc.) so the emphasis is on the process and the type of colorant (liquid crystal, leuco dye, inorganic oxide) in this chapter, rather than the specific chromogenic category. One of the difficulties in the use of chromogenic pigments or dyes is their incorporation to a bulk material or to the surface without harming the chromogenic features. Therefore, microencapsulation is a key process, allowing more flexibility in manufacturing and product use. The appropriate printing technique needs to be selected for different substrates and conditions of use. Some of the processes are explained with reference to the targeted product, including chromogenic textiles, gels, windows, and displays.