COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) lymphocyte responses are associated with inflammatory biomarkers in total joint replacement surgery candidates pre-operatively

Abstract

Background: Recent studies indicate that, in addition to antibody production, lymphocyte responses to SARS-CoV-2 may play an important role in protective immunity to COVID-19 and a percentage of the general population may exhibit lymphocyte memory due to unknown/asymptomatic exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or cross-reactivity to other more common coronaviruses pre-vaccination. Total joint replacement (TJR) candidates returning to elective surgeries (median age 68 years) may exhibit similar lymphocyte and/or antibody protection to COVID-19 prior to vaccination Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed antibody titters, lymphocyte memory, and inflammatory biomarkers specific for the Spike and Nucleocapsid proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in a cohort of n=73 returning TJR candidates (knees and/or hips) pre-operatively. Results: Peripheral blood serum of TJR candidate patients exhibited a positivity rate of 18.4% and 4% for IgG antibodies specific for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike proteins, respectively. 13.5% of TJR candidates exhibited positive lymphocyte reactivity (SI > 2) to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and 38% to the spike protein. SARS-CoV-2 reactive lymphocytes exhibited a higher production of inflammatory biomarkers (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1RA) compared to non-reactive lymphocytes. Conclusions: A percentage of TJR candidates returning for elective surgeries exhibit pre-vaccination positive SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and T cell memory responses with associated pro-inflammatory biomarkers. This is an important parameter for understanding immunity, risk profiles, and may aid pre-operative planning. Trial registration: Retrospectively registered.