To Debunk or Not to Debunk? Correcting (Mis)Information

Abstract

Although misinformation is not a new problem, questions about its prevalence, its public impact, and how to combat it have taken on new urgency. An obvious solution to the problem of misinformation is to offer corrections (or debunkings) designed to clarify what is true and what is false. But corrections are not a panacea. Given the scope of the misinformation problem, we must consider: (1) which misinformation to prioritise for correction; (2) how to best correct misinformation; and (3) what else can be done pre-emptively to protect the public from future misdirection, as well as the need to tailor solutions to recognise cultural contexts. In deciding whether to correct, the source of the misinformation, its likely audience, and its harm should all be considered. Correction impact can be maximised by using REACT: repetition, empathy, alternative explanations, credible sources, and timeliness. Beyond correction, we must consider proactive solutions to build audience awareness and resistance. Promoting ‘sticky’ high-quality information, warning people against common myths and misleading techniques, encouraging health and information literacy, and designing platforms more resilient to misinformation efforts are all essential components in the management of infodemics now, and going forward into the future.