Methylation-based biological age and breast cancer risk

Abstract

Background: Age is one of the strongest predictors of cancer, chronic disease, and mortality, but biological responses to aging differ among people. Epigenetic DNA modifications have been used to estimate "biological age," which may be a useful predictor of disease risk. We tested this hypothesis for breast cancer. Methods: Using a case-cohort approach, we measured baseline blood DNA methylation of 2764 women enrolled in the Sister Study, 1566 of whom subsequently developed breast cancer after an average of 6 years. Using three previously established methylation-based "clocks" (Hannum, Horvath, and Levine), we defined biological age acceleration for each woman by comparing her estimated biological age with her chronological age. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for breast cancer risk were estimated using Cox regression models. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Each of the three clocks showed that biological age acceleration was statistically significantly associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer (5-year age acceleration, Hannum's clock: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00 to 1.21, P =. 04; Horvath's clock: HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.17, P =. 04; Levine's clock: HR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.23, P