Hyperpolarization by Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization

Abstract

Abbreviations dDNP Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization DNP Dynamic nuclear polarization EPA Electron paramagnetic agent EPR Electron paramagnetic resonance MAS-DNP-NMR Magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization nuclear magnetic resonance MR Magnetic resonance MRI Magnetic resonance imaging NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance OP Optical pumping PHIP Parahydrogen-induced polarization 1.1 Introduction Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance (MR) grew out of a vision that MR has excellent properties for measuring biochemistry noninvasively. The MR spectrum provides both identification and quantification of metabolites and can characterize disease for early diagnosis, staging, and response monitoring. However, MR spec-troscopy suffers from several limitations: poor sensitivity, leading to long scan time and poor spatial resolution, and limited spectral resolution due to a crowded spectrum. The long scan time means that only steady-state concentrations or slow dynamic changes can be measured. To overcome the problem of sensitivity, hyper-polarization was proposed. Hyperpolarization indicates that the polarization is no