History and development of agroecology and theory of agroecosystems

Abstract

This work provides a knowledge contribution in order to understand agroecology as evolution of both a scientific discipline and a philosophical paradigm for promoting sustainability in agriculture. The peculiar character of agroecology as an applied, transdisciplinary science based on the systems paradigm is explored in its theoretical and practical foundations. The agroecosystem concept is regarded as an epistemological tool for creating an ontology or representation of agriculture based on a systems view. Hierarchy, emergence, communication and control are shown as agroecosystem properties. Integration is viewed as an ontological link operating in the construction of agriculture as a human activity system. Integration is regarded as an organisational capability for connecting different hierarchical levels, which is critical for achieving the goal of agriculture sustainability. Development of sustainability indicators is considered a crucial step of enquiry for providing elements of assessment, evaluation and anticipation of solutions for both farm design and management, and land use policy. Sustainability in agriculture will depend on the capacity of harmonic integration between contrasting trade-offs in the search of a balance among human nutrition, ecological integrity and economic development. Convergence of agroecological principles between global and local levels of planning will be a crucial component for success towards sustainable agriculture.